Can You Make the Bible Say What You Want?

By Ralph Drollinger

Download the PDF of this study here.
How many times have you heard someone respond to your biblically based reason with, “Well that’s a matter of your own interpretation.” How do you respond when someone tries to neutralize your authoritative use of the Bible? How should you respond? Perhaps, even, you’ve given up using the Bible authoritatively because of this? This study should encourage and help you if that is the case.
At the risk of sounding like a “smarty pants,” I typically ask a question, lovingly, in response, “So, what school of biblical interpretation do you subscribe to?”
Understanding the five major schools of biblical interpretation is an important study in order to gain wisdom and better insight into another’s approach to Scripture – and how it so often affects personal beliefs and policy positions.
Ralph Drollinger

I. INTRODUCTION

Herneneutics is the art and science of scriptural interpretation; in my years of ministry, I have discovered that most people do not even realize there are differing schools of biblical interpretation, let alone understand them. In this study I will attempt to educate you on today’s major hermeneutical schools and help you gain a rudimentary understanding of each. Again, understanding the various competing schools of biblical interpretation is extremely important because how one goes about interpreting Scripture often relates to the way he justifies his worldview. And in the world of Public Servants, worldview formation is very important! It informs the construct of policy formation! This study then, is foundational to your wisdom quotient and your ability to properly ascertain why people think the way they do.
Hermeneutics determines the methods, techniques, rules and principles that the student of the Bible incorporates in order to arrive at his understanding as to what the Bible means by what it says. Stated in yet a bit different way,

WHAT DOES THE BIBLE MEAN BY WHAT IT SAYS?

That is the vital question the science and art of hermeneutics attempts to answer. Likened to proper and improper exegesis of the United States Constitution, there need be a learned and practiced discipline in order to be effective and congruous in discovering what the author meant by what he or she said throughout Scripture.
Now add to this our past studies of the book of Proverbs. You may remember that Solomon often categorized people into three general groups when it comes to wisdom (or a lack thereof ): the Simpletons, the Scoffers and the Wise. As you study what follows, can you apply those monikers of distinction to the lives of those who subscribe to each of these hermeneutical schools? Keep that in mind as you work through this study.
The background of the word hermeneutics is quite interesting. Hermes was the Greek god who allegedly interpreted the message of the gods to mortals. Lest one think the word or idea of interpretation is a purely secular derivative, the word is used by Christ Himself in Luke 24:27:

Then beginning with Moses and with all the prophets, He explained to them the things concerning Himself in all the Scriptures.

In this passage the English word explained is the Greek word hermeneuo meaning “to interpret.” It comes from the compound term diermeneuo.
Christ, the master of hermeneutics, the greatest interpreter of the Old Testament Scripture, is talking to the two disciples on the Emmaus Road. As He interprets from the OT the things concerning Himself, their hearts became enlivened and illuminated as a result of the interpreter bringing the Scriptures alive to them (v. 32):

They said to one another, “Were not our hearts burning within us while He was speaking to us on the road, while He was explaining the Scriptures to us?”

This passage serves to illustrate a profound introductory point: If proper hermeneutics is used sensitively by the Spirit-led believer, likened to Christ, such can lead to vital life-changing/policy changing results in the lives of those with whom one comes in contact: both on the Floor and throughout life. Conversely, to misinterpret Scripture is to void it of its self-proclaiming power per Hebrews 4:12:

For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword, and piercing as far as the division of soul and spirit, of both joints and marrow, and able to judge the thoughts and intentions of the heart.

Hermeneutics is therefore a very important subject. One’s hermeneutic will determine his world view, or, conversely as is often the case with unbelievers attempting to do what is right in their own eyes, their world view will determine their approach/ hermeneutic to Scripture.
What follows is an evaluation of the five leading schools of Hermeneutics. I will try to simplify and summarize each as best as possible for quick and easy understanding, analyzing each in a similar way: a quick overview, history, evaluation and summary. Can you spot which hermeneutic someone you may know is incorporating to justify an opinion? This study should aid in your ability to be discerning. Of the five I will save the best for last.

II. THE ALLEGORICAL SCHOOL

A. OVERVIEW

The allegorical method of biblical interpretation regards the literal, grammatical, historical sense of a passage as a mere starting point for discovering the presumed hidden meaning of the text, which is often thought to be deeper, more profound, and more spiritual. Herein it is believed that beneath the letter or the obvious, lies the real meaning. Michaelson, in his analysis and conclusions regarding this approach to understanding the Bible says, “What the original writer [of Scripture] is trying to say is ignored. What the interpreter wants to say becomes the only important factor.”¹ He goes on to say, rightfully so, that “Allegorizing is like a fog which at first renders objects indistinct and then finally blots them out altogether.”² It is accurate to summarily state that of those who utilize this method of understanding God’s Word, “imagination replaces observation.”³ The interpreter is reading in his understanding of the passage. Such an approach leads to a much higher degree of subjectivity in understanding God’s Word compared to the grammatical-historical-normative discipline of interpretation (number 5 in this outline).

B. HISTORY

There are many historic schools that are allegorical in nature: Greek, Jewish, Patristic (early church fathers), and Catholic. One leading proponent of allegorical interpretation was Philo (20 B.C. to A.D. 54), he sought to give Scripture charm for unbelieving minds by discarding literal details that to him seemed offensive. He accomplished this via allegorizing those texts. Later, Christians applied Philo’s principles in their own times. Some Patristic allegorists include Clement of Alexandria, Origen and even Augustine.

C. EVALUATION

1. It is subjective; each man is a law unto himself.
2. It is rationalistic; the Scriptures are manipulated to suit man’s reason.
3. It obscures Scripture by imposing eisegesis⁵ (reading in) in place of exegesis (exiting out of ).

D. SUMMARY

Allegorists distort plain passages by reading in meanings which have no valid connection with the obvious, literal sense.

ALLEGORISTS DEEM THE INTERPRETER AUTHORITATIVE
VERSUS THE AUTHOR

It is imposition in place of exposition. Does the Bible really mean what the interpreter thinks it says?

III. THE LIBERAL SCHOOL

A. INTRODUCTION

Typically, the one who poses the retort, “But that’s a matter of your own interpretation” subscribes to this interpretive approach.
This view holds that human intellect is adequate in itself to select between what is acceptable and what is erroneous in Scripture. The theological liberal approach to Bible interpretation presumes that Scripture can be true only when it harmonizes with man’s reason; final authority is therefore seated in man: The Bible can only be true when it harmonizes with man’s independent reasoning. Hence, “The final and supreme authority is transferred from God to the throne-room of the human mind.”⁴
There are approximately 35 “Christian” denominations that subscribe to this hermeneutic. Nationally and internationally The National Council of Churches and The World Council of Churches adhere to this interpretive approach.

B. HISTORY

Systems of men such as Hobbs and Spinoza, F.C. Baur and the Tubingen School of Criticism are responsible for birthing this hermeneutic relatively late in church history. Albert Schweitzer and J.M. Robinson on the quest for the historical Jesus have also fostered this viewpoint. Many others in early America, such as H.E. Fosdick and other purveyors of the social gospel movement bear responsibility as well.

LIBERAL HERMENEUTICS GREW IN UNISON WITH THE SOCIAL GOSPEL MOVEMENT, AKA THEOLOGICAL LIBERALISM

C. EVALUATION

1. It is rationalistic.
2. Inspiration and supernatural are both redefined. For example, since the mind of man cannot explain miracles, the miracles of the Bible must therefore be discounted.
3. The presupposition of human accommodation redefines if not erases much historically accepted Bible doctrine.

D. SUMMARY

With a liberal hermeneutic, man quickly and arrogantly becomes the judge of Scripture, versus Scripture being the judge of man.

IV. THE NEO-ORTHODOX SCHOOL

A. INTRODUCTION

Neo-Orthodoxy is an interpretive approach which denies propositional, objective, authoritative revelation. In justification of that premise, proponents of this school believe that the Bible is only infallible when revelation was given to the writers of the Bible; when God spoke it back then. And in its forward look, inspiration then only occurs subjectively “when God speaks to you through it now.” It follows that Neo-orthodoxy states that the Bible has instrumental authority because it is an instrument pointing to Christ, but it does not have inherent authority.

B. HISTORY

Recognizable names associated with the germination of Neo Orthodoxy are Karl Barth (since its inception). Now splintered into several movements: other names associated with it are Brunner and Niebuhr.

C. EVALUATION

1. Denies the Bible is the Word of God; claims it becomes the Word of God when God speaks to a man and he responds.
2. Only that part of the Bible which witnesses to Christ is binding, and the seat of authority for deciding this is in man’s mind.
3. Many Bible episodes are treated mythologically, i.e. as teaching serious theological principles but not as having literally occurred.

D. SUMMARY

In essence, this school ends up destroying objective spiritual experience because it is based on (by their own doing) an unworthy, unreliable book. Keep in mind that both Theological Liberalism and Neo-Orthodoxy were founded and based upon supposedly biblically-contradictory archeological and scientific evidences of several hundred years ago. They were germinated from false premises. These respective disciplines and their discoveries have thence validated biblical accuracy time and time again.
Accordingly, these two interpretive approaches were formulated in and from a seedbed of what has since been deemed outdated and myopic research. The rug has been pulled out from under them. A rough parallel is illustrated by the discipline of geography: who would be deemed credible today if he postulated and extrapolated religious beliefs based upon a flat earth presupposition?

V. THE DEVOTIONAL SCHOOL

A. INTRODUCTION

This view regards the Bible as a rich book primarily given to nourish the spiritual life of the believer. Emphasis is placed on the edifying aspect of Scripture.

B. HISTORY

Many are those who reduce Scripture primarily to a “what’s in it for me today?” book of devotions. Among them are Medieval Mystics. Pietists, Puritans, Quakers and familiar, specific names such as Wesley, Matthew Henry, f.b. Meyer and A.W. Tozer.
To develop but one, the Pietists Movement was a reaction to cold, stale, dead doctrine in the late 1600s and early 1700s centered in reaction to German Lutheranism.

C. EVALUATION

1. In essence it seeks application which is essential and desired.
2. There are dangers in abuse – parachuting in on only certain segments of the whole counsel of God; therefore, there must be a balance between the whole of Scripture and isolated application. Abuses include allegorizing, excessive typology,⁶ and neglect of prior doctrinal bases. In simplicity, one can isolate a passage in disregard for context, thereby misinterpreting the authorial meaning.
3. The overwhelming persuasiveness of doctrinal constructs gained through in-depth study of God’s Word can be lost in terms of soul sanctification. A high carb diet is thought to build spiritual musculature over and above a high protein diet.

D. SUMMARY

These writers tend to pass over technical problems, difficult passages and doctrinal emphases in exchange for securing a quick applicable thought that might further godliness in the life of the individual. Devotional hermeneutics tends to underemphasize if not denigrate scholarship for the gain of a quickly-digestible, sweet edifying idea. In terms of Public Servants and the need for scriptural bases in the formulation of good policy, the country is in dire need of biblical scholars who have a deep grasp of the whole counsel of God.

DO YOU ASPIRE TO BE A MAN OR WOMAN OF GOD WHO CHANGES THE COURSE OF OUR NATION? IF SO, YOU NEED MORE THAN A DEVOTIONAL DIET OF THE WORD OF GOD!

Also stemming from this minimalistic approach to understanding God’s Word, the door is often flung wide open to eisogetical and typological forms of interpretation. In contrast, the Apostle Paul said in Acts 20:27: “I did not shrink from declaring to you the whole purpose of God.” Paul endeavored to get the big picture; so should we.
Likened to the athlete who tends to habitually consume candy bars alone for quick energy, discounting a balanced, high-protein diet does not benefit the aspiring man or woman of God over a long period of time, both in personal edification nor in policy formation.

VI. THE GRAMMATICAL, HISTORICAL, NORMATIVE SCHOOL

A. INTRODUCTION

In this last school, the meaning of a passage of Scripture is determined by what was deemed to be the basic, customary, socially-acknowledged designation of the terms used at the time they were penned. The literal sense is the basic meaning evidenced by the grammatical and historical factors at the time of authorship.
It is important to note what this school is not. It is not characterized by Letterism, or a wooden literalism.⁷ Rather, it allows for the author to utilize figures of speech, such as parables, metaphors, hyperbole, irony, euphemisms, paronomasia, proverbs, personification, oxymorons, etc. In Latin this is referred to as usus loquendi, i.e. the semantics within a speech culture. Ramm in his classic textbook on Hermeneutics calls this “the literal stratum of language.” The GHN school of hermeneutics recognizes, has in its mind, the existence of such and attempts to deduce authorial meaning with the author’s possible usage of such.

B. HISTORY

Ezra, the Jews of Palestine and Christ all incorporate this discipline as evidenced from and within Scripture itself. Chrysostom, Luther and Calvin ascribed to the GHN hermeneutic. Ezra in particular is the first OT example of such. The Jews had been exiled long enough in Babylonia to have lost their native tongue; they were now speaking Aramaic. Ezra therefore assembled the Hebrew people and explained the real intended meaning of the OT text to them. Later, and in Church history it was the exegetical (lit. “to exit from”) approach to interpretation that set the stage for the Reformation, as Calvin and
Luther explicated what was actually in the Greek New Testament (which had recently become available to the common man).

C. EVALUATION

1. This is the usual secular practice of interpretation of literature. (A Supreme Court Justice who applies this approach to constitutional interpretation is known as an “Originalist.” To the opposite a Judge who reads his or her views into the document is deemed an “Activist”.)
2. A large part of the Bible makes sense this way.
3. Exercises a control on the imagination.

D. SUMMARY

“That is the true method of interpretation which puts Scripture alongside of Scripture in a right and proper way.”⁸ “It is the first business of an interpreter to let his author say what he does say, instead of attributing to him what we think he ought to say.” ⁹

VII. CONCLUSION

The Grammatical, Historical, Normative school of hermeneutics need be the thinking person’s choice. It allows the Bible to be innocent until proven guilty and objective versus subjective. This is the usual practice of interpreting secular (both present and past) literature. It is the only school with a controlling force over eisegesis – man’s imagination foisted onto the Bible.

WHEREAS THE ALLEGORICAL, LIBERAL AND NEO-ORTHODOX SCHOOLS OF HERMENEUTIC ARE THE CHILDREN OF SCOFFERS. THE DEVOTIONAL SCHOOL IS THE BROTHER OF SIMPLETONS. IT IS ONLY THE GRAMMATICAL-HISTORICAL-NORMATIVE SCHOOL THAT IS THE FATHER OF THE WISE

When a friend/fellow Public Servant quips, “that is a matter of your own interpretation” ask what hermeneutical school he subscribes to – and be prepared to debate the merits, or lack thereof.

1 Mickelsen, A.B. Interpreting the Bible, pp. 28
2 Ibid, p. 37
3 Rosscup, James E. Unpublished Hermeneutics Syllabus (Rev. April, 1999). Some of this study has stemmed from this godly man’s work.
4 Rosscup, p. 41
5 Eisegesis: the interpretation of a text (as of the Bible) by reading into it one’s own (M &W)
6 “[It] differs from a symbol or an allegory. It is a representation of an actual, historical reference. Often it relates to analogous fulfillment in Christ of OT stories and parallels. This was a very popular approach to interpretation in the Middle Ages.”
7 (Ramm, Bernard Protestant Biblical Interpretation [Grand Rapids: Baker, 1970] p. 123-127)
8 Luther, Works, Philadelphia Edition, Vol. III. P. 334
9 Calvin, Commentary on Romans, Preface 334